Chemosensory communication during aggression and reproduction is an important component of fish sociality. While recent work has revealed insights on odor coding at levels above the olfactory bulb in mammals 8, 9, less is known about how this ascending olfactory information is processed in fishes, the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates.Ĭhemoreception (olfaction, taste, and common chemical sense) is a phylogenetically old group of senses and perhaps most salient in fishes, which live in an aquatic mixture of soluble odorants used to detect food, evade predators, locate habitats, and identify conspecifics for social interactions including territoriality, mating, and parental care 10, 11. Information from the olfactory bulb is then sent to target forebrain processing centers, where it is integrated with other information to mediate behaviors 5, 6, 7. In vertebrates, odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), the axons of which form the olfactory nerve and project to mitral cells within specific glomerular fields of the olfactory bulb 1, 2, 3, 4. For the first time we reveal social and reproductive-state plasticity in olfactory processing neurons in the vertebrate forebrain that are associated with status-specific lifestyles.Īn animal’s ability to detect and correctly identify social signals is crucial for making appropriate context-dependent behavioral decisions. Odor-evoked LFP spectral densities, indicative of synaptic inputs, were also 2–3-fold greater in dominant males, demonstrating status-dependent differences in processing possibly linking olfactory and other neural inputs to goal-directed behaviors. A greater percentage of neurons in dominant males also responded to sex- and food-related odors, while a greater percentage of neurons in subordinate males responded to complex odors collected from behaving dominant males, possibly as a mechanism to mediate social suppression and allow subordinates to identify opportunities to rise in rank. Dominant males had a high percentage of neurons that responded to several odor types, suggesting broad tuning or differential sensitivity when males are reproductively active and defending a territory. We used in vivo neuron and local field potential (LFP) recordings from the ventral telencephalon of dominant and subordinate male cichlids to test the hypothesis that response properties of olfactory neurons differ with social status. However, whether olfactory processing in higher-order brain centers is influenced by an animal’s physiological condition is unknown. These 100% cotton towels are extra absorbent so you can get dry and warm as quickly as possible.The ability to identify odors in the environment is crucial for survival and reproduction. The Bath Towel there’s certain to be a color to complement the taste of everyone in your family. Everyone can enjoy the soft, plush comfort after bathing – with fewer washings in between. Suitable for individuals, couples and families, these towels come in a convenient. In addition to fulfilling your bath needs, this sufficient size makes them ideal for use on the beach or at a poolside. Practical for quick drying, ample coverage and comfortable lounging, each towel measures 35 x 75 cm in size. PROMO CODE AQUADINE FLAKES SKINThe material is breathable and naturally soft to the touch, extremely pleasing against your skin so you can wrap yourself in soft comfort after bathing. To provide long-lasting strength and use throughout the years, these Towels are made using 100% cotton fabric.
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